Category: 3.Human Physiology

Water is the most common molecule in the human body (~98-99%). Both hydrogen atoms are attached to a single oxygen atom through polar bonds. The oxygen has a slight negative charge and each of the hydrogen atoms has a slight positive charge. This allows hydrogen bonds to form between the positive hydrogen atoms and the…

Atoms form molecules when two or more are bonded together. Covalent bonds are formed when electrons in the outermost orbital are shared between two atoms. With this type of bond forming, molecules can rotate around their shared electrons and change shapes. Each atom forms a characteristic number of covalent bonds. The number of bonds depends…

An atom is the smallest unit of matter with unique chemical properties. Atoms are the chemical units of cell structure. They consist of a central nucleus with protons and neutrons and orbit(s) of electrons. A proton carries a +1 positive charge, while a neutron has no charge. Thus the nucleus has a net positive charge.…

To fully understand the mechanisms of human physiology, it is important to understand the chemical composition of the body. This will come in handy when considering various interactions between cells and structures. We will cover basic chemistry; However, if there are specific questions regarding the chemistry and its effects on biological function.